Tag Archives: price

How To Pick The Best Oil ETF

Summary Over the last 10 years, the number of oil ETFs has exploded with an increasing number of complex instruments available to investors to gain exposure to crude oil. Many such ETFs appear attractive to the profit-minded trader, but it is up to educated investors to determine which product is most appropriate given his/her objective, risk appetite, and timeframe. This article analyzes the most popular commodity and oil ETFs to determine which most effectively tracks the price of oil over a series of different timeframes. Commodities has arguably been the most challenging sector in which to turn a predictable profit over the past 10 years. Crude oil, the most popular commodity in the sector, has seen its price double, lose 75% of its value, double again and, most recently, drop by 50%. However, with great volatility comes great opportunity, and it is no surprise that oil prices earn front-page headlines on all major financial websites on a daily basis. For years, most small, individual traders were unable to trade crude oil. Direct trading of oil requires buying and selling of futures contracts, with one futures contract usually representing 1,000 barrels. With oil trading at an average price of $80/barrel over the past decade, a single contract would cost $80,000 — too risky for most recreational traders. Even with the necessary pocketbook, trading futures contracts is particularly dangerous in that they expire every 30 days, requiring a trader to cash out at undesirable prices or be forced to take physical delivery of the oil. That all changed in 2006 with the arrival of the United States Oil Fund (NYSEARCA: USO ), an ETF that bought and held oil futures contracts itself, and allowed traders to buy shares for under $100. Over the next 5 years, an explosion of new commodity ETF products hit the market that allowed investors myriad increasingly complex opportunities to gain direct exposure to oil. With so many products available, many investors do not understand exactly what sort of exposure they are purchasing and how closely it will actually track oil. This article does not attempt to convince you, the reader, to buy oil. Rather, it assumes that you have already made the decision to do so, and instead will discuss the most effective way to go long oil without buying futures contracts. With a market capitalization of $3.2 billion and average daily volume of 28 million shares, the United States Oil Fund is among the most the most popular commodity ETFs, and by far the most popular pure oil ETF. The ETF was launched in April of 2006 and was the first of its kind. It allocates about 75% of its holdings to oil futures contracts. Each month, it buys near-term futures contracts–which best approximate the spot price of oil–and then a week or two prior to expiration, sells them and simultaneously uses these funds to buy the next month’s contracts, thereby avoiding taking physical deliver of more than $2 billion worth of oil (or 40 million barrels) and maintaining constant exposure to the commodity. For this service, the fund charges an annual fee of around 0.7%. However, this process of buying and selling contracts is not without it complications. More on this in a moment. After witnessing the popularity of USO and its cousin the US Natural Gas Fund (NYSEARCA: UNG ), other ETF companies were quick to jump on the bandwagon with increasingly innovative and volatile products. In late 2008, ProShares upped the ante and introduced the Ultra Bloomberg Crude Oil ETF (NYSEARCA: UCO ), which utilized leverage to deliver 2x the daily movement of oil. That is, if oil (and USO) gained 2% in a day, UCO would gain 4%, and if oil lost 2%, UCO would lose 4%. Unsurprisingly, this product was embraced by daytraders due to the enhanced volatility that is their lifeblood. However, it was also traded by longer-term traders looking to capitalize on a prolonged rally in crude oil. Like clockwork, 4 years later in late 2012, the company VelocityShares decided that 2x volatility just wasn’t cutting it and released the exceptionally volatile VelocityShares 3x Long Oil ETF (NYSEARCA: UWTI ). As its name suggests, this ETF was designed to move 3x the daily price of oil. Despite their differences in leverage, all three products work similarly in that they buy futures contracts and roll them over each month, aiming to track the price of oil on a daily basis. That being said, the devil is in the details–and the interworkings of these ETFs have a lot of details that dictate whether these ETFs are effective in accurately tracking the price of oil. Let’s start simple. Figure 1 plots the price of oil versus the price of USO since its inception in April 2006. (click to enlarge) Figure 1: Crude Oil versus USO since inception in 2006, showing underperformance of ETF versus its underlying commodity Data source: Yahoo Finance; c hart created by author. Conveniently, both began the period at nearly identical prices of $68 per share or per barrel. Since then, oil has slid to $46/barrel as of September 22, 2015 while USO has slid much steeper to just $15/share. What explains this underperformance? While the previously discussed process by which USO rolls over its futures contracts each month guarantees continuous exposure to oil, it is not without its drawbacks. Were subsequent futures contracts equally priced, it would not be an issue. The fund would sell X number of soon-to-expire contracts and use these funds to buy X number of next-month contracts. However, futures contracts of commodities such as oil frequently trade in a structure known as contango where later contracts are more expensive than near contracts. This is understandable, particularly after oil has taken a large fall, that investors expect prices to rebound in the long term as uncertainty increases. Unfortunately for funds such as USO, this means that each month the fund is selling X number of contracts and buying X-Y number of contracts. Effectively, the fund is selling low and buying high. And as contango can routinely reach 1-2% per month during periods of wide contango, the fund sees a price-independent degradation of roughly this percentage. While this is relatively minor in the short term, it adds up and can be relatively devastating for long term holders, as seen in Figure 1. What about UCO and UWTI? Figure 2 below plots the performance of oil versus USO versus UCO versus UWTI since December 10, 2008. 2008 was used as it encompasses the full history of both USO and UCO. The price history of UWTI from 2008 to 2012–when it debuted–was reconstructed based on price history of USO and UCO. (click to enlarge) Figure 2: Crude Oil versus USO, UCO, and UWTI since 2008, showing massive underperformance of leveraged ETFs versus USO and crude oil Data source: Yahoo Finance; c hart created by author. If USO “underperformed,” then UCO and UWTI were decimated. UWTI dropped 99.3% from an estimated $1841 per share to just $11 per share while UCO dropped 92% despite oil squeaking out a 5% gain. This dramatic underperformance versus both oil and USO occurred for two reasons. First, the impacts of rollover discussed above are compounded due to leverage. If the monthly contango in the futures market is 2%, the attributable loss increases to 4% for UCO and 6% for UWTI, which adds up very quickly. Second, due to the leveraging process a phenomenon known as “leverage-induced decay” also weighs on performance. I will spare you all the math, but suffice to say, large moves in one direction followed by sharp reversals leads to under-performance of leveraged ETFs independent of the effects of contango. What does this mean for oil traders? Figure 3 below uses the data in Figure 1 and 2 above to calculate average, expected underperformance versus the price of oil sustained from holding USO, UCO, and UWTI over a yearlong period. Overall, 2000 different 1-year periods are used to generate this data (click to enlarge) Figure 3: Expected underperformance of USO, UCO, and UWTI based on the number of days the ETF is held, from 2008-2015 data Data source: Yahoo Finance; c hart created by author. A 22-day hold in USO is predicted to result in a 1% underperformance versus oil. That is, if oil gains 5% during this period, the ETF would be predicted to yield around 4%. On the other hand, it would take just 9 days to reach a 1% underperformance holding UCO and a mere 6 days to see a 1% underperformance holding UWTI. Over a typical year-long period, USO is expected to underperform by 10.9% compared to 22.2% for UCO and 37.4% for UWTI. It should be noted that the underperformances for UCO and especially UWTI are somewhat deceptive and in many cases may actually be much lower. For UWTI, when oil falls greater than 33.3% in a year, UWTI will inevitably “outperform” oil given that it cannot fall more than its predicted 100%, which skews the mean underperformances shown in Figure 3 to the upside. However, when sitting on an 80-90% loss, I expect any such “outpeformance” feels rather pyrrhic. Based on this analysis, it is clear that USO outperforms UCO and UWTI and comes the closest to accurately tracking the price of oil. UCO and UWTI have their uses among the day-traders and swingtraders, but should not be used as investment tools as the long-term drawdown is simply too great to justify its use. Sure, should oil double in a year, the 37% underperformance is acceptable given the predicted 300% gain, but if oil is flat on the year–which occurs much more frequently than that edge case–you are sitting on an inexcusable loss. Of the 3 ETFs, USO offers the best risk/reward profile and, in my opinion, is the superior product and the only one that should be considered for long-term investors. So far, I’ve limited this discussion to popular commodity ETFs that are designed to mimic the spot price of oil–so-called “pure oil” ETFs. As discussed, the big drawback of these products is that you CAN’T mimic the spot price of oil, not over the long term. Let’s now consider oil companies themselves. Major producing companies derive a substantial portion–if not all–of their income from oil sales. Therefore their share prices should be closely tied to the price of oil. The advantage of oil stocks over pure oil ETFs, of course, is that they are not subject to the same rollover losses as USO. If it can be determined that oil companies effectively track the price of oil on a day-to-day basis, it can be expected that they would do so over the long-term and not be subject to decay. Rather than analyze individual companies whose stocks are intermittently subject to forces not directly related to the price of oil such as earnings reports, lawsuits, and legislation, let’s instead consider a basket of oil companies to smooth out these events i.e. the oil sector ETFs. The 3 most popular oil sector ETFs are the Energy Select Sector SPDR (NYSEARCA: XLE ), the MarketVectors Oil Services ETF (NYSEARCA: OIH ), and the SPDR S&P Oil & Gas Exploration ETF (NYSEARCA: XOP ). XLE’s diverse holdings include large cap oil companies involved in all aspects of the petroleum industry such as Exxon Mobil (NYSE: XOM ), Chevron (NYSE: CVX ), and Schlumberger (NYSE: SLB ). OIH’s largest holdings, on the other hand, are more focused on oil service companies alone and include SLB, Halluburton (NYSE: HAL ), and Baker Hughes (NYSE: BHI ). Finally, XOP’s largest holdings include major exploration companies such as HollyFrontier (NYSE: HFC ), PBF Energy (NYSE: PBF ), and CVR Energy (NYSEMKT: CVR ). Figure 4 below plots the performance of each versus Oil and USO since 2009. (click to enlarge) Figure 4: Crude oil versus select oil sector ETFs Data source: Yahoo Finance; c hart created by author. Notice that the price of oil tends to form the upper bounds of this chart while USO forms the lower bounds with the 3 oil sector ETFs somewhere in between. Of the 3, XLE seems to be the best, handily outperforming both oil and USO over the 10 year period. This suggests that the oil sector ETFs are superior to USO in their ability to track oil without price-independent losses, as predicted. However, the key concept is correlation. Apple Computer (NASDAQ: AAPL ) has certainly outperformed oil and USO over the past decade as well, but given none of its businesses are related to oil, it has no correlation to the petroleum industry and is not a useful analogue. Correlation can be determined by looking at beta and the R-squared value. Figure 5 below shows a scatterplot between the daily percent change of the price of oil versus USO and XLE. (click to enlarge) Figure 5: Scatterplot comparing the daily percent performance of crude oil versus XLE and crude oil versus USO, showing a tighter correlation between oil and USO Data source: Yahoo Finance; c hart created by author. It can be easily appreciated that oil vs USO (the red dots) forms a tighter linear relationship than oil vs XLE (the blue dots), which is much more diffuse. Further, notice that the slope of the oil vs USO relationship is closer to 1:1 on the x- and y- axes while the oil vs XLE relationship is flatter. This illustrates the twin concepts of correlation and beta, respectively. Correlation is the idea that two entities are related. If entity A moves a certain magnitude, entity B moves a predictable magnitude in response. However, it does not have to be 1:1. For example, for every 10% that A moves, entity B might move 25%. Predictable, but not equal. Correlation is measured by the R-Sq value. In finance, beta is traditionally thought of as a measure of the volatility of a security or portfolio in comparison to the market as a whole. A stock with a beta of 1.0 indicates that a stock’s price movement will mimic that of the market – if the S&P 500 gains 5%, the stock will gain 5%; if the market is flat, the stock will be flat; and if the market falls 5%, the stock will fall 5%. A stock with a beta of 2 is more volatile than the market – a tech stock, for example – and will gain or lose twice that of the S&P 500 or whatever index is used as the benchmark. A beta of 0.5 is comparatively less volatile – a utilities stock, for example – and will gain or lose half of the market’s performance. While the beta is typically applied to compare a stock to a market or index it is a relatively simple calculation and can be used to compare any two equities or funds against each other. Equation 1 below shows the equation used to calculate beta: Equation 1: Beta = Covariance (Daily % Chg stock for which beta is being calculated, Daily % Chg underlying index)/Variance (Daily $ Chg Underlying index) In this case, we will be comparing the price of oil versus each of our ETFs. An ETF with a beta of 1.0 means that the ETF tracks oil on a 1:1 basis on a daily basis. Figure 6 below shows the R-Sq and beta values for USO, XLE, OIH, and XOP compared to oil. (click to enlarge) Figure 6: Betas and R-Sq values for USO, XLE, OIH, and XOP showing USO trumps the 3 oil sector ETFs by a large margin Data source: Yahoo Finance; chart created by author. Again, USO comes out on top in both categories. USO’s R-Squared with oil is 0.81, handily beating XOP which comes in second with an RSQ of 0.57 while its beta is 0.80, crushing XOP’s 0.43. Thus, while all three oil sector ETFs may outperform USO, they do so due to factors not directly related to the price of oil. This article is not about picking good investments. It is about selecting the ETF that best accomplishes a certain objective: to track the price of oil accurately over the short and long term. In conclusion, this analysis of several popular oil ETFs has determined that the United States Oil Fund is the best long-term investment in terms of accurately tracking the price of oil as well as minimizing losses due to futures contract rollover. That is not to say that the other ETFs might not have niche uses. UWTI and UCO are certainly effective trading vehicles for those trying to capitalize on an oversold bounce or socioeconomic-driven event over 3-5 days. Likewise, XOP, XLE, and OIH may be superior to USO for super-long terms investors with a Warren Buffet-like mindset who plan to hold for well-over 2 years and care more about historical performance than accuracy in tracking an underlying commodity. However, for the typical investor who is looking to capitalize on a steady rise in oil prices from a week to 2 years or so, I firmly believe the USO is the most effective trading vehicle to do so.

Is The Fed’s Policy Meeting Important For GLD?

Summary This week the highly anticipated FOMC meeting will take place. The market still places a low chance of a rate hike. But the meeting isn’t just about will they raise rates this time? Will the FOMC move the price of GLD? This week the highly anticipated FOMC meeting will take place, in which the Fed will decide whether to raise rates or not. Currently, the implied probabilities for a September rate hike are slim – the market gives this possibility a 23% chance. For investors of the SPDR Gold Trust ETF (NYSEARCA: GLD ) will this rate decision move the price of GLD? How important is a rate hike at this stage for precious metals? It should matter, shouldn’t it? A rate hike should have some implications of the price of GLD: after all higher rates should translate to an increase in long term treasury yields, which should adversely impact gold prices. I talked about the relation between GLD and long term yields at great lengthen in previous posts . (click to enlarge) Source: U.S Department of Treasury and Bloomberg But as you can see, the medium term treasury yields, and the same goes for long term yields, after yields started to pick up at the beginning of the year, they have resumed their slow descent. Currently, yields aren’t far off their levels from the beginning of the year. The correlation between GLD and 5-year yields isn’t too strong at -0.24. This relation used to be much stronger in the past. It seems, for now, the relation may have weakened. Usually, the rise in the risk factor and economic uncertainty tends to pressure down long term yields and pull up GLD price. But this wasn’t the case for GLD this year. And if the FOMC raises rates, it could slightly raise interest rates, which should also lead to a modest decline in GLD. The U.S. dollar should also strengthen, a move that could also bring down GLD prices. Finally, as the Fed changes its policy, which in effect it has already heavily prepared us for, the “fear factor” of some bullion investors over a possible rate hike is likely to subside – a shift that could also reduce the demand for bullion investments including GLD. This FOMC meeting, however, isn’t likely to make long term waves. Yes, it could lead to some short term volatility, because some people still think a rate hike is still on the table. And if the Fed does push the button, it could raise market volatility in the following days. In such outcome, the price of GLD is likely to suffer even if it’s only for a few days. But for the more likely scenario – no rate hike, only a promise for hikes in the near term – the price of GLD could actually slightly rise, even if for a short term. More than just the statement This meeting also includes an update to economic data, a press conference – if we don’t get a rate hike, Chair Yellen will promise us a rate hike is right around the corner and is “data dependent” – and the dot plot. (click to enlarge) Source: FOMC As you can see, the Fed’s medium cash rate has declined over the past year, while the rates for 2016-2017 increased in the past meeting. If we don’t see a rate hike this time, the dot plot will likely show a decline in the medium rate for this year, a perhaps a rise for 2016. This shifts in the dot plots could also impact the markets as it will provide the outlook of FOMC members’ vis-à-vis the direction of the cash fund. I think, as I pointed out in the past , the current market conditions are less in favor for a rate hike at this point in time. If the Fed doesn’t raises rates, we could see a short term bounce in the price of GLD. But as long as the Fed is on course to raise rates in the coming months, GLD is still likely to suffer. For more please see: ” Gold and Inflation – Is there is relation? ” Disclosure: I/we have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. (More…) I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.

1 Unique Method To Successfully Play A Volatile Market

Summary One way to make money no matter what the stock market is doing. Choosing the right sector is the key – in my case is was specific commodities. Knowing consistent price movements over time will determine the trading spread to work within. There is no doubt we’re in a stock market environment ruled by fear, as confirmed by the extreme volatility in the movement of the various indices. Much of this was triggered by the crash of the Chinese stock market, but even before then there was a growing concern about the dizzying heights the market had shot up to without a correction. The U.S. has went through a mini correction, but many believe we need a deeper and more prolonged one to bring share prices back in line with actual values of companies Other factors given as reason for volatility are low interest rates, which have tempted companies to be more reckless in their spending; uncertainty concerning whether or not the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates; slowing Chinese economy; commodity deflation; and signs manufacturing in America is slowing. I could add many more to the list. Together what it says is investors no longer have some clarity on the future, and that has been the impetus behind the extreme volatility in the market. When visibility is down and parts of the global economy collapsing, it generates an environment of fear. And that’s where we are today. One thing we must do as investors is to ignore the endless financial news headlines about the last big plunge in the stock market, and the soon-to-follow “rebound.” That’s stock price movement that historically precedes a major correction. The day-to-day movements are irrelevant. What’s relevant is if after all the movements the direction remains level or continues on down. Trading in times of fear With future uncertainty can come investing paralysis and fear, as investors move their money to the sidelines to wait to see where things go. That’s a good strategy, but there are many others that still want to find ways to grow their capital in these volatile times. I’m going to share one strategy I’ve used to capture profits in situations similar to this. As a matter of fact, it doesn’t matter whether the stock market is going up or down with this type of trade, as it has volatility built into it either way. I’m talking about silver, although I’m simply using it as a proxy for other commodities or markets that are volatile in nature. I’m going to say that again: I’m only using silver as a proxy for a number of opportunities to make money using this method. I’ve used this with silver in the past, but know of some colleagues that are using it with other commodities right now, and in your specific expertise, there could be many other sectors or segments to do the same thing. Silver trade The first thing to do is identify a highly volatile commodity that moves in predictable patterns. The one I know the best is silver, and it’s one I made a lot of money with several years ago. I decided to go with stocks and not silver options or futures. At the time I was trading was when gold and silver were still soaring, and among the top-performing and predictable silver companies at the time was Silver Wheaton (NYSE: SLW ). It was highly volatile, but it still have a primary upward share price movement, which made up for the occasional timing mistake I made, which forced me to hold it a little longer than usual. Remember, it doesn’t matter whether a commodity is going up or down in price, as long as it’s operating within a trending pattern. That’s where a lot of the risk is mitigated. The other thing is there has to be discipline in not trying to get every penny out of the trade. I always sold when the share price moved within the parameters I had put in place. Once it rose within those guidelines, I didn’t get cute, I immediately pulled the trigger and sold. Did I miss some upside? All the time. But I never regretted it. I made money on trade after trade as long as I stayed within my pre-set parameters. How was the trading performance during this time? At the best I had fourteen straight trades I made money on. Under normal conditions I would make five or six trades, and then lose on one. Keep in mind I was trading with a similar amount of money, so it was like taking 5 steps forward and one step back. It could have been even better, but within my parameters I had a holding restriction, meaning if the stock didn’t perform as expected within a specific time frame, I would sell it. That protected me from losing more than what I would make on one trade. What needs to be known In my silver trading I needed to identify the overall trend direction of silver and the daily share price movement of Silver Wheaton within that trend. Everything else I ignored. When I say everything else I ignored, I mean with the exception of something that would point to a reversal in overall trend. For example, when Silver Wheaton surpassed the $40 mark, I knew it was either going to explode in growth or move up a little more, and then start to pull back. That is how it did move, with it topping off between $46 and $47 a share. I don’t believe it ever closed at that level (during the time I was trading it), but it did reach that in intra-day trading. This isn’t rocket science. Volatile markets like silver, still have patterns within them that can be observably known, and it only takes a little research on the level of the price movements of a stock within that pattern. The only tricky part in my experience was when it not only dropped per its normal volatility, but then dropped a little more than usual for some temporary reason. If I hadn’t committed to a trading time frame, I I would have simply held a little longer and waited for it to rebound, which during the trend, it literally always did. That’s how I could hit it so many times in a row. Again, it’s understanding the flow of the pattern, which can be easily identified with any day-to-day chart. What about making money on the downside? After getting some confidence with Silver Wheaton because of my success, I started thinking about a way I could make money when the price dropped. Keeping within my preferred method of stocks or an instrument that would trade like a stock, I decided to go with ProShares UltraShort Silver (NYSEARCA: ZSL ). What ProShares UltraShort Silver does at its basic level is short silver via different financial instruments. My only problem there was I only allowed myself a certain amount of money to use with this type of trading, so I had to break up the amount I spent on Silver Wheaton if I wanted to take advantage of the downward price movement of silver. It wasn’t really a problem, but it limited my upside because of my refusal to break my discipline. That’s the key to success in this type of trading: you have to stay disciplined within your predetermined parameters. Stray outside of them and you’re likely to get hammered, even if you occasionally get lucky. What has to be watched if playing silver for upside and downside, is one of them aren’t on trend, and if it suddenly moves off trend, you could be hit hard. This is another reason I always sold when it reached the level I was looking for; whether the price of silver was going up or down. This protects you from starting to believe you know what you’re doing in regard to price movements. We can know the trends and daily movements, and within a tight trading discipline, do very well. I can’t emphasize that enough. Don’t start to think you have an inside handle on a volatile segment of the market. That’s why there has to be a system in place that is religiously followed, no matter much more that could have made on a trade. Take the gains and run. Then do it over and over again. To give an idea of how one could lose on a trade if you’re not careful and disciplined, check ZSL when it was trading at just under $5,600 a share. That happened because it was going against trend because the price of silver was moving up. On December 1, 2008, it closed at $5,598. On December 15, 2008, it closed at $3,928. You can trade against trend, but that is far riskier. I had no trouble with it, but I kept a constant eye on it throughout the day. Also understand, these were trades I would usually make within an hour or two. Rarely would I hold on longer than that. This isn’t investing, where I was analyzing the company, it’s trading, where I only analyzed price movements and the trend. I was doing this to play both volatile movements. If silver was going down in price, one could play only ZSL and drop Silver Wheaton. Conclusion Unless you have a nice chunk of extra money lying around for high-risk trading, I would stay with one trend direction and first get a grasp of its consistent daily price movements. I say that because you won’t make as much playing two different trends unless you have significant capital to put into play. You’ll have to wait for your trade to clear, which could take several business days before you have access to your capital again. And if you do that on both ends of the trade, the daily price movement could be up, which if that’s the way you’re playing it, you may have to wait a day or two before it rebounds. That means if you sell on a Thursday, you may have to wait until Tuesday before you have access to your money, and then maybe an extra day or two for the price to be positioned correctly for an entry point. If you haven’t done this type of trading before, that may seem like it’s not a big deal. But when you’re used to moving in and out of the market based upon price movements, it can seem like an eternity, and you may be tempted to get in just to be in the game. Once you decide on a commodity, or possibly a volatile stock, be sure you know the macro-economic situation, the general trend of the sector, and then the consistent price movement intervals of the commodity or company. After you have a handle on that, then develop a simple system to work within, with the most important being the price spread you will buy or sell within. You could make more money without the parameters, but you could lose more too. Under this type of discipline I’ve used it to generate significant earnings time and time again. Keep in mind I’m not suggesting to trade in Silver Wheaton here. It’s only a proxy I used because I made a lot of money using this technique with silver and Silver Wheaton in the past, and it represents the type of predictable volatility needed to make money. Disclosure: I/we have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. (More…) I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.