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Is It Time For Smart-Beta ETFs To Enter The Bond Markets?

By Detlef Glow The new year has started, but the financial markets are still affected by topics from the old year. One of the topics that has come up again is the liquidity of bonds in general-and bond funds in particular. From my point of view nearly all that can be said has been said about this topic. After all this discussion about liquidity in the bond markets and the possible implications for bond funds, especially exchange-traded funds (ETFs), one might raise the question of whether these issues could be addressed with smart-beta products. These products concentrate on the liquidity of securities in addition to using the two main drivers of performance-duration and credit risk. Since the liquidity of the underlying securities is already an issue for ETFs that track the broad indices, even “plain-vanilla” products are nowadays not far from being smart-beta products. That is because of the optimization techniques used to replicate the returns of the underlying index using the tradable securities in the index basket. In this regard a smart-beta strategy that employs the liquidity of the bonds would help to build liquid indices for all kinds of bond sectors, which could then easily be replicated by funds. In addition, a smart-beta approach could help investors overcome the major struggle of market-weighted bond indices: these indices give the highest weightings to issuers (companies, countries, etc.) with the highest outstanding debt in the respective investment universe. This approach can lead to high single-issuer risk within the portfolio, which is normally not the intention of an investor who buys into a broad market index. A smart-beta approach could limit the issuer risk by introducing a cap within the index methodology. From my point of view smart-beta ETFs could be the answer to the questions and concerns raised by investors around bond indices. Since investors tend to buy only products they understand, the index construction must be quite smart. At the same time it must be as simple as possible, so investors can easily understand the investment objective and the risk/return profile of the index and therefore of the ETF. That said, in my opinion it is time for smart beta to enter the bond markets. The views expressed are the views of the author, not necessarily those of Thomson Reuters.

On Stock Crashes, Hindsight, And Anger

“You will not be punished for your anger, you will be punished by your anger.” – Buddha US stocks just had their worst start to a year in history last week going all the way back to 1928. The bears have come roaring back. As investors and traders frantically deal with clients and their own personal emotions, let’s put things into factual perspective. Those that have seen my presentations, met with me or read our writings for years are aware that we quantitatively test indicators and create strategies we believe have merit. Backtesting, like any form of analysis, does not guarantee exceptional performance in the future, but it can at least provide information on anomalies or market patterns which have persisted over time. So here’s a very simple and powerful backtested strategy. The 200 day moving average is popular as an indicator used to buy or sell stocks. Let’s make a simple rule. If a stock fund is trading above its 40 week (200 day) moving average, buy that stock fund. If below, then instead, buy Treasuries as your “risk-off” trade. For the below backtest, I used the Vanguard 500 Index (MUTF: VFINX ) as the stock proxy, and the Vanguard Long-Term Treasury Fund (MUTF: VUSTX ). Want to get more creative? Use the same rule, but leverage up the stock fund VFINX by an extra 30% to juice returns. Yellow uses that leverage, blue is the rotational risk-on/off strategy using Treasuries, orange is VFINX, and gray is VUSTX. VFINX mimics the S&P 500 SPDRs ETF (NYSEARCA: SPY ), while VUSTX mimics the iShares Treasury 20+ Year ETF (NYSEARCA: TLT ). Click to enlarge Looks pretty good right? Most of the time you’re trending higher, though it is worth noting that there are several flat volatile years where those who invest over a 1, 2, 3, or 4-year period are frustrated by a lack of returns and volatility/whipsaws. However, over longer periods of time and full cycles, both the unleveraged rotational strategy between stocks and Treasuries, and the leveraged one not only outperform on an absolute basis in terms of pure performance, but also do so on a risk-adjusted basis. The blue version’s cumulative return is 1,545% going back to 1986, versus the stock fund itself at 1,274%. That’s 1.2x better. The leveraged version which magnifies by 30%? Cumulative return is 2,756%, resulting in 2.16x stronger performance against VFINX as a buy and hold investment. Note that the extra 30% leverage over time significantly magnifies results. Compounding leverage can be a wonderful thing when it works over time if you have a strategy for it. It is worth noting that the 40 week MA’s strength is more about avoiding big declines rather than participating in big upside, though that upside exposure is most conducive towards using leverage. Also worth noting that if you added other momentum areas, notably emerging markets, the return path gets even more extreme. Great! Let’s buy into that. Now instead of the chart above, you’re living performance day to day. Feel good about the rotational strategy? Well, let’s now dig a little deeper. Let’s look at the worst weeks in the strategy. Any of these percentage declines feel familiar? Date Stocks/Bonds Leveraged Stocks/Bonds 4/10/2000 -10.52% -13.67% 10/12/1987 -9.21% -11.97% 9/8/1986 -7.84% -10.19% 12/8/1986 -7.66% -9.96% 8/1/2011 -7.15% -9.30% 10/9/1989 -6.91% -8.98% 10/11/1999 -6.63% -8.62% 5/3/2010 -6.35% -8.26% 8/17/2015 -5.71% -7.43% 1/24/2000 -5.62% -7.30% 10/5/1987 -5.07% -6.59% 8/24/1998 -4.97% -6.46% 7/23/2007 -4.89% -6.35% 1/5/1998 -4.83% -6.28% Herein lies the point of this backtest and any strategy employed. It is completely and utterly impossible to avoid weeks like what happened at the start of 2016 from impacting your portfolio and creating an emotional response. In the rotational strategy outlined here, there are numerous large declines throughout history. In each and every single one of these weeks, the response by investors and traders is the same. “What the hell is going on?” “I can’t invest in this!” “You should have sold out!” “Sell! SELL!!!!!” “Change the strategy!” Nothing can get everything right. Even if you used stop orders or decided to trade out of one of these big declines mid-week, historically it doesn’t do anything to mitigate those losses, even though one believes deeply that it would. The anger that comes from weeks like last week is no different than the emotional response that comes from other worst weeks in history in any strategy. Hindsight creates anger, but that doesn’t mean that anger is right. In the 2014 Dow Award paper on Beta Rotation, (click here to download) for example, we show that 80% of the time Utilities outperform the broader stock market before an extreme VIX spike. That means it also missed it 20% of the time, just like any indicator used to mitigate risk over much longer periods. That in no way shape or form invalidates the indicator. My point here is that sometimes these things happen. Long duration Treasuries did not confirm ahead of time that last week would happen based on indicators we have tested. Following the decline last week, things do look ugly. The decline could get worse, or the market could V, or W, or L, or do anything it wants to do. Hindsight is the only way we will know after such a major break. One cannot control for the madness of sudden markets. All any of us can do is prevent that madness from impacting rational decision making. The year is not written yet. There will come a major up move in reflation trades which would undo in the blink of an eye any damage done to portfolios so far in 2016. In the meantime, don’t let hindsight make you angry, because every strategy will have weeks in the dataset as violent as the one just experienced. That does not mean one should abandon the approach. It is easy to forget one simple rule when it comes to investing passively or using active management. The best time to buy in is after a significant drawdown. After drawdowns is the time to rationally examine data, rather than make rash decisions failing to understand that sometimes, you just can’t avoid bad luck. This writing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute an offer to sell, a solicitation to buy, or a recommendation regarding any securities transaction, or as an offer to provide advisory or other services by Pension Partners, LLC in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation, purchase or sale would be unlawful under the securities laws of such jurisdiction. The information contained in this writing should not be construed as financial or investment advice on any subject matter. Pension Partners, LLC expressly disclaims all liability in respect to actions taken based on any or all of the information on this writing.

Going Shopping: Chicken Vs. Beef

The headlines haven’t been very rosy over the last week, but when is that ever not the case? Simply put, gloom and doom sells. The Chinese stock market is collapsing; the Yuan is plummeting; there are rising tensions in the Middle East; terrorism is rising to the fore; and commodity prices are falling apart at the seams. This is only a partial snapshot of course, and does not paint a complete or accurate picture. Near record-low interest rates; record corporate profits (outside of energy); record-low oil prices; unprecedented accommodative central bank policies; and attractive valuations are but a few of the positive, countervailing factors that rarely surface through the media outlets. At the end of the day, smart long-term investors understand investing in financial markets is a lot like grocery store shopping. Similarly to stocks and bonds, prices at the supermarket fluctuate daily. Whether you’re comparing beef (bonds) and chicken (stocks) prices in the meat department (stock market), or apple (real estate) and orange (commodities) prices in the produce department (global financial markets), ultimately, shrewd shoppers eventually migrate towards purchasing the best values. Since the onset of the 2008-2009 financial crisis, risk aversion has dominated over value-based prudence as evidenced by investors flocking towards the perceived safety of cash, Treasury bonds, and other fixed income securities that are expensively priced near record high prices. As you can see from the chart below, investors poured $1.2 trillion into bonds and effectively $0 into stocks . Consumers may still be eating lots of steaks (bonds) currently priced at $6.08/lb while chicken (stocks) is at $1.48/lb (see U.S. Department of Labor Data – Nov. 2015), but at some point, risk aversion will abate, and consumers will adjust their preferences towards the bargain product. Some Shoppers Still Buying Chicken While the general public may have missed the massive bull market in stocks, astute corporate executives and investment managers took advantage of the equity bargains in recent years, as seen by stock prices tripling from the March 2009 lows. As corporate profits and margins have marched to record levels, CEOs/CFOs put their money where their mouths are by investing trillions of dollars into share buybacks and mergers & acquisitions transactions. Despite the advance in the multi-year bull market, with the recent sell-off in the market, panic has dominated rational thinking. Once again, the rare occurrence (a few times over the last century) the dividend yield of stocks once again exceeds the yield on Treasury bonds (2.2% S&P 500 vs 2.1% 10-Year Treasury). But if we are once again comparing beef vs. chicken prices (bonds vs stocks), the 6% earnings yield on stocks (i.e., Inverse P/E ratio or E/P) now looks even more compelling relative to the 2% yield on bonds. For example, the iShares Core U.S. Aggregate Bond ETF (NYSEARCA: AGG ) is currently yielding a meager 2.3%. For a general overview, Scott Grannis at Calafia Beach Pundit summarizes the grocery store flyer of investment options below: While these yield relationships can and will certainly change under various economic scenarios, there are no concrete signs of an impending recession. The recent employment data of 292,000 new jobs added during December (above the 200,000 estimate) is verification that the economy is not falling off a cliff into recession (see chart below). As I’ve written in the past, the positively-sloped yield curve also bolsters the case for an expansionary economy. Source: Calafia Beach Pundit While it’s true the Chinese economy is slowing, its rate is still growing at multiples of the U.S. economy. As a communist country liberalizes currency and stock market capital controls (i.e., adds/removes circuit breakers), and also attempts to migrate the economy from export-driven growth to consumer-driven expansion, periodic bumps and bruises should surprise nobody. With that said, China’s economy is slowly moving in the right direction and the government will continue to implement policies and programs to stimulate growth (see China Leaders Flag More Stimulus ). As we have recently experienced another China-driven correction in the stock market, and the U.S. economic expansion matures, equity investors must realize volatility is the price of admission for earning higher long-term returns. However, rather than panicking from fear-driven headlines, it’s times like these that should remind you to sharpen your shopping list pencil. You want to prudently allocate your investment dollars when deciding whether now’s the time to buy chicken (6% yield) or beef (2% yield). DISCLOSURE: Sidoxia Capital Management (SCM) and some of its clients hold positions in certain exchange traded funds (ETFs) including AGG, but at the time of publishing had no direct position in any other security referenced in this article. No information accessed through the Investing Caffeine (IC) website constitutes investment, financial, legal, tax or other advice nor is to be relied on in making an investment or other decision. Please read disclosure language on IC Contact page.